Dynamic discovery of network functions in mobility interworking across radio access technologies

ABSTRACT

Aspects of the subject disclosure may include, for example, a machine-readable medium, comprising executable instructions that, when executed by a processing system including a processor, facilitate performance of operations including receiving a first message from a mobile management entity (MME) in a Long-Term Evolution (LTE) network indicating a handover of user equipment (UE) to a fifth generation (5G) network covering a first area in which the UE is located; discovering an access mobility management function (AMF) in the 5G network responsive to the second message; receiving a second message from the AMF indicating a handover of the UE to the LTE network; and discovering a second mobile management entity (MME) in the LTE network covering a second area in which the UE is located. Other embodiments are disclosed.

FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE

The subject disclosure relates to dynamic discovery of network functionsin mobility interworking across radio access technologies.

BACKGROUND

The fifth generation (5G) wireless technology evolution is a criticalmilestone in the telecom/IT industry that will disrupt the connectivitymodel in the society. The capabilities of 5G will enable new andexciting use cases spread across several consumer and enterpriseindustry verticals. 5G will continue to leverage the evolvingfiber/metro ethernet transport and fourth generation (4G) Long TermEvolution (LTE) network infrastructure investments made by carriers toevolve into cloud native networks using service-based architectures.Hence 5G becomes a catalyst not only for mobility/telecom industry butto the entire society/world in a broader context.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Reference will now be made to the accompanying drawings, which are notnecessarily drawn to scale, and wherein:

FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary, non-limitingembodiment of a communications network in accordance with variousaspects described herein.

FIG. 2A is a block diagram illustrating an example, non-limitingembodiment of a pair of communication networks in accordance withvarious aspects described herein.

FIG. 2B depicts a table illustrating a metadata sample shared betweenmobile management functions in two different radio access technologies.

FIG. 2C depicts an illustrative embodiment of a method in accordancewith various aspects described herein.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating an example, non-limitingembodiment of a virtualized communication network in accordance withvarious aspects described herein.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram of an example, non-limiting embodiment of acomputing environment in accordance with various aspects describedherein.

FIG. 5 is a block diagram of an example, non-limiting embodiment of amobile network platform in accordance with various aspects describedherein.

FIG. 6 is a block diagram of an example, non-limiting embodiment of acommunication device in accordance with various aspects describedherein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The subject disclosure describes, among other things, illustrativeembodiments for interworking between 5G and 4G. The interworking in thisdisclosure applies to user equipment (UE) moving back and forth between5G and LTE technologies as well as between mobile management entity(MME) and access mobility management function (AMF) geographic poolboundaries in Idle and Connected Modes with various services. The UEcould also be operational in a unicast/multicast services mode whenmoving between the radio access technologies. Such a concept can beextended broadly to next generation wireless technologies beyond LTE and5G. With next generation UE devices supporting multiple radio accesstechnologies, the mobility between these radio technologies should besimplified with a direct service-based interface between the controllerelements. Interworking becomes an extremely critical component of theeco-system mobility services delivery. With its advanced features andmulti-mode capabilities, UE devices will be on the move to do differentthings dynamically that were not possible with previous generation ofwireless technologies. Other embodiments are described in the subjectdisclosure.

One or more aspects of the subject disclosure include a method ofdetecting, by a processing system including a processor, user equipment(UE) in a Long-Term Evolution (LTE) network that has another radiotechnology network; determining, by the processing system, that the UEhas crossed a threshold and entered a coverage area of the another radiotechnology network; discovering, by the processing system, an accessmobility management function (AMF) in the another technology network;transferring, by the processing system, metadata associated with the UEto the AMF; and handing over, by the processing system, cellularservices to the another technology network.

One or more aspects of the subject disclosure include a deviceincluding: a processing system including a processor; and a memory thatstores executable instructions that, when executed by the processingsystem, facilitate performance of operations including detecting userequipment (UE) in a fifth generation (5G) network; determining, by theprocessing system, that the UE is leaving a coverage area of the 5Gnetwork; discovering, by the processing system, a mobile managemententity (MME) in a Long-Term Evolution (LTE) network covering an areathat the UE is within; transferring, by the processing system, metadataassociated with the UE to the MME; and handing over, by the processingsystem, cellular services to the LTE network.

One or more aspects of the subject disclosure include a machine-readablemedium, comprising executable instructions that, when executed by aprocessing system including a processor, facilitate performance ofoperations including receiving a first message from a mobile managemententity (MME) in a Long-Term Evolution (LTE) network indicating ahandover of user equipment (UE) to a fifth generation (5G) networkcovering a first area in which the UE is located; discovering an accessmobility management function (AMF) in the 5G network responsive to thesecond message; receiving a second message from the AMF indicating ahandover of the UE to the LTE network; and discovering a second mobilemanagement entity (MME) in the LTE network covering a second area inwhich the UE is located.

Referring now to FIG. 1, a block diagram is shown illustrating anexample, non-limiting embodiment of a system 100 in accordance withvarious aspects described herein. For example, system 100 can facilitatein whole or in part an LTE or 5G network, UEs, RAN nodes or variousnetwork functions. In particular, a communications network 125 ispresented for providing broadband access 110 to a plurality of dataterminals 114 via access terminal 112, wireless access 120 to aplurality of mobile devices 124 and vehicle 126 via base station oraccess point 122, voice access 130 to a plurality of telephony devices134, via switching device 132 and/or media access 140 to a plurality ofaudio/video display devices 144 via media terminal 142. In addition,communication network 125 is coupled to one or more content sources 175of audio, video, graphics, text and/or other media. While broadbandaccess 110, wireless access 120, voice access 130 and media access 140are shown separately, one or more of these forms of access can becombined to provide multiple access services to a single client device(e.g., mobile devices 124 can receive media content via media terminal142, data terminal 114 can be provided voice access via switching device132, and so on).

The communications network 125 includes a plurality of network elements(NE) 150, 152, 154, 156, etc. for facilitating the broadband access 110,wireless access 120, voice access 130, media access 140 and/or thedistribution of content from content sources 175. The communicationsnetwork 125 can include a circuit switched or packet switched network, avoice over Internet protocol (VoIP) network, Internet protocol (IP)network, a cable network, a passive or active optical network, a 4G, 5G,or higher generation wireless access network, WIMAX network,UltraWideband network, personal area network or other wireless accessnetwork, a broadcast satellite network and/or other communicationsnetwork.

In various embodiments, the access terminal 112 can include a digitalsubscriber line access multiplexer (DSLAM), cable modem terminationsystem (CMTS), optical line terminal (OLT) and/or other access terminal.The data terminals 114 can include personal computers, laptop computers,netbook computers, tablets or other computing devices along with digitalsubscriber line (DSL) modems, data over coax service interfacespecification (DOCSIS) modems or other cable modems, a wireless modemsuch as a 4G, 5G, or higher generation modem, an optical modem and/orother access devices.

In various embodiments, the base station or access point 122 can includea 4G, 5G, or higher generation base station, an access point thatoperates via an 802.11 standard such as 802.11n, 802.11ac or otherwireless access terminal. The mobile devices 124 can include mobilephones, e-readers, tablets, phablets, wireless modems, and/or othermobile computing devices.

In various embodiments, the switching device 132 can include a privatebranch exchange or central office switch, a media services gateway, VoIPgateway or other gateway device and/or other switching device. Thetelephony devices 134 can include traditional telephones (with orwithout a terminal adapter), VoIP telephones and/or other telephonydevices.

In various embodiments, the media terminal 142 can include a cablehead-end or other TV head-end, a satellite receiver, gateway or othermedia terminal 142. The display devices 144 can include televisions withor without a set top box, personal computers and/or other displaydevices.

In various embodiments, the content sources 175 include broadcasttelevision and radio sources, video on demand platforms and streamingvideo and audio services platforms, one or more content data networks,data servers, web servers and other content servers, and/or othersources of media.

In various embodiments, the communications network 125 can includewired, optical and/or wireless links and the network elements 150, 152,154, 156, etc. can include service switching points, signal transferpoints, service control points, network gateways, media distributionhubs, servers, firewalls, routers, edge devices, switches and othernetwork nodes for routing and controlling communications traffic overwired, optical and wireless links as part of the Internet and otherpublic networks as well as one or more private networks, for managingsubscriber access, for billing and network management and for supportingother network functions.

FIG. 2A is a block diagram illustrating an example, non-limitingembodiment of a pair of communication networks in accordance withvarious aspects described herein. The first network of the paircomprises an LTE network 210. The LTE network 210 includes a basestation (eNB) 122-LTE, a Mobile Management Entity (MME) 211, a ServingGateway (SGW) 212, a Packet Data Network Gateway Control/SessionManagement Function (PGW-C/SMF) 213, which provides access to a PacketData Network (PDN) 215. Standard interfaces between these componentsillustrated in FIG. 2A include S1-C, S1-U, S5 and S11. The S1 user planeexternal interface S1-U is between the eNB 122-LTE and the SGW 212. TheS1 control plane interface S1-C is between the eNB 122-LTE and the MME211. The S5 interface provides user plane tunneling and tunnelmanagement between the SGW 212 and the PGW-C/SMF 213. The S11 interfaceis between the MME 211 and SGW 212.

The second network comprises a 5G Access Network (5G-AN) 220. The 5G-AN220 includes a base station (gNB) 122-5G, an Access Mobility ManagementFunction (AMF) 221, a Network Repository Function (NRF) 222 and a UserData Plane Function (UPF) 223 which provides access to a data network(DN) 225. The AMF 221 performs key mobility management functionsincluding connection management, registration management, locationservices management, fallback for voice and emergency services whensupporting mobility between 5G and LTE and/or Wi-Fi radio accesstechnologies. AMF 221 also supports short message service (SMS)messaging, Communication Assistance for Law Enforcement Act (CALEA)lawful interception, and wireless emergency alerts that are critical tomeet the regulatory requirements. The AMF 221 is distinct from othercontroller network functions, as it is the brain behind the 5G networkand a critical control plane network function that makes interworkingwith MME in LTE technology possible.

The PGW-C/SMF 213 can also be considered to be part of the 5G-AN 220.Standard interfaces between these components illustrated in FIG. 2Ainclude user plane data traffic interfaces N3 and N6, which providepacket processing and traffic aggregation closer to the network edge,increasing bandwidth efficiencies while reducing network size. The N3interface is between the gNB 122-5G and the UPF 223. The N6 interface isbetween the UPF 223 and the DN 225. Additionally, standardsignaling/control plane interfaces illustrated in FIG. 2A are N2, N11and N4. Network functions in 5G control plane interact using theseservice-based interfaces. The N2 interface is between the gNB 122-5G andthe AMF 221. The N11 interface is between AMF 221 and the PGW-C/SMF 213.The N4 interface is between the UPF 223 and the PGW-C/SMF 213. There area number of additional standard interfaces (not illustrated) thatprovide other services-based network functions (also not illustrated).

Seamless interworking between 4G/LTE and 5G technologies is critical forthe early deployment of 5G Option 3X Non-Stand Alone (NSA) Systems. Inthe current LTE deployments that are already mature and evolving tosupport 5G technologies, the Domain Name Service (DNS) systems arefacing various shortcomings. This is due to the fact that the DNSrecords are becoming extremely complex to serve combinations of ThirdGeneration Partnership Project (3GPP) standards defined service types,device usage types, core network functions (gateways with multipleservice and vendor flavors), applications and services. DNS basedmethods are complex and not scalable in future. Interworking between4G/LTE and 5G technologies adds to the complexity of this DNS design.Interworking between 5G and 4G technologies involves the discovery oftwo key core network functions—MME 211 in LTE and the AMF 221 in 5G, bythe respective network function in the other respective technology. TheDNS based discovery model proposed by 3GPP standards is an inefficient,complex network design model. DNS resolves the Internet Protocol (IP)address of the respective node given a domain name. A single DNS nodeposes multiple challenges in terms of records creation for performing IPaddress resolution (often manually provisioned and prone to human errorsleading to network outage in certain scenarios), with the addition ofnew standards defined service types, maintenance of legacy and newservice types supporting end user services (data, mobile edge computing(MEC), network edge computing (NEC), home public land mobile network(PLMN), roaming, 5G, etc.), hardware or software upgrades, sync upacross the DNS regional clusters and undesirable capital and operationalexpenses (CapEx/OpEx) due to legacy network infrastructure.

Seamless interworking is critical for the early deployment and adoptionof 5G Option 2 Stand Alone (SA) deployments as well, so that they canwork efficiently during mobility. With the legacy DNS based design, theMME 211 and the AMF 221 network functions discovery process tends tobecome cumbersome due to the addition of multiple IP address resolutionrecords with new service types. This problem gets exacerbated in ageometric progressive fashion due to the large number of networkfunctions deployed in these networks, and new deployments in the next 5years.

In an embodiment, a new direct Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)/2Representational State Transfer Application Programming Interface (RESTAPI) triggering model 226 between the MME 211 in LTE and the NRF 222 inthe 5G-AN 220 is used to discover the AMF 221 function when userequipment (UE) 124-LTE is transferred from the LTE network 210 to the5G-AN 220 without using a DNS protocol. This REST API 226 is used by theMME 211 to discover the AMF 221 instance or set of instances based onservice-based architecture (SBA) interactions with the NRF 222 as asingle repository network function that maintains the mapping of AMF 221geographic pools. The NRF 222 not only maintains AMF 221 and MME 211metadata but also other key network functions and attributes such as LTETracking Areas, 5G Tracking Areas that are critical for AMF 221 tohandle other mobility services. Hence the discovery of right AMF 221instance by the MME 211 via a direct SBA interface is much moreeffective in transitioning the UE from 5G to LTE. Based on ahierarchical deployment mode, the MMEs 211 in any geographic pool regionwill be able to discover an AMF 221 via the NRF 222 with proper mappingto ensure there is seamless service continuity across the mobilitynetwork domains.

In the opposite direction, a new direct REST API triggering model 227through an SBA interface between the AMF 221 and NRF 222 discovers theMME 211 in LTE network 210 when UE 124-5G moves to the LTE network 210,without relying on a DNS protocol. Such enhanced service-basedtriggering, discovery and blacklisting of MME/AMF nodes during mobilityis critical for simplified mobility core network architecture design andevolution. This model enables new network capabilities such as corenetwork slicing, simplify the network functions discovery duringmobility across slices supporting multiple radio access technologies.The AMF 221 interacts through an SBA interface with the NRF 222 todiscover the MME 211 in a similar manner as described above during UEmobility between LTE and 5G. With the NRF 222 having all the mappinginformation of MME 211, LTE Type Allocation Code (TAC), 5G TAC, MME—LTETAC, the AMF 221 can discover the MME 211 information to transfer thecontext and complete the session transfer into 5G seamlessly.

Additionally, an enhanced N26 interface, which is an inter-Core Networkinterface between the in the MME 211 and the AMF 221 will enableinterworking between the LTE EPC and the 5G core. The enhanced N26interface supports the functionalities of the LTE S10 interface (notshown, which is between different LTE MMEs) that are required forinterworking with the 5G core. Messages sent on the enhanced N26interface include:

-   -   Context Request, Context Response & Context Acknowledge—are used        to discover the peer node functions, and are enhanced to support        the discovery function    -   Forward Relocation Request & Forward Relocation Response—come        into play in an NSA mode    -   Identification Request & Identification Response—checking to        ensure that the exchange is for an authorized user transferring        between network technologies    -   Echo Request & Echo Response—used to maintain the health of the        N26 link    -   Forward Access Context Notification & Forward Access Context        Acknowledge    -   Forward Relocation Complete Notification & Forward Relocation        Complete Acknowledge    -   Relocation Cancel Request and Relocation Cancel Response

These messages are transferred between the MME 211 and the AMF 221 basedon auto discovery of the respective component via the NRF 222 using aREST API described above during mobility between LTE-5G and 5G-LTE. Thismethod leverages direct interactions via HTTP/2 REST API triggersbetween the MME 211 and the NRF 222, as well as between the AMF 221 andthe NRF 222. This will help simplify 5G-AN 220 design and implementationthat is targeted to serve millions of users/devices across variousindustry verticals in the next several years.

The advantages of this approach are: 1. Simplified mobility core networkarchitecture design with direct REST API triggering model between MME211 and NRF 222 as well as AMF 221 and NRF 222 for peer node autodiscovery during mobility. 2. Deliver seamless, direct and efficientinterworking between 5G and LTE technologies. 3. Minimize dependencieson legacy DNS systems by transforming the network operational design andrely on enhanced services-based architecture framework towards smootherevolution. 4. Reduced CapEx/OpEx by eliminating additional functionalityto be designed, implemented, operated and maintained in DNS. 5.Gradually migrate the DNS functions into a consolidated root NRF 222network function in the 5G Core network. 6. Graceful evolution of rootNRF 222 based core network topology design in cloud native environment.7. Easily extendable to serve mobility between 5G and Wi-Fi andvice-versa in case of LTE coverage holes.

FIG. 2B depicts a table 230 illustrating sample metadata stored on eachof the MME 211 and the AMF 221. The metadata is used to exchangeinformation between the MME 211 and the AMF 221 based on auto discoveryof the respective component by the NRF 222. This metadata is notnecessarily restricted to the information indicated. For example, othercritical attributes can be transferred from MME 211 or AMF 221 to theNRF 222 for the NRF 222 to maintain a mapped set shared across theregions using a hierarchical NRF distributed model. Additional examplesfor IoT devices could include their sleep modes, device categories,extended timers, etc. This is extremely critical for disaster/failoversituations in any given region impacting a specific cloud data centerlocation serving mobility subscribers/devices.

FIG. 2C depicts an illustrative embodiment of a method in accordancewith various aspects described herein. As shown in FIG. 2C, the method240 begins in step 241 the system detects user equipment (UE) in eithera Long-Term Evolution (LTE) network or a fifth generation (5G) networkhas crossed a threshold and is entering a coverage area of the otherradio access network (RAN). Next, in step 242, the system discovers themobile management function of the other RAN. For example, an MME in anLTE network sends a message to an NRF that looks up the AMF in the 5Gnetwork, or vice-versa, depending on which network is currentlyproviding cellular services to the UE.

Next, in step 243, the mobile management function of the current RANtransfers metadata describing the UE to the mobile management functionof the other RAN. For example, the MME in the LTE network sends themetadata to the AMF discovered in the previous step through a REST API.

Finally, in step 244, the system transfers the UE to the other RAN,which provides cellular services.

While for purposes of simplicity of explanation, the respectiveprocesses are shown and described as a series of blocks in FIG. 2C, itis to be understood and appreciated that the claimed subject matter isnot limited by the order of the blocks, as some blocks may occur indifferent orders and/or concurrently with other blocks from what isdepicted and described herein. Moreover, not all illustrated blocks maybe required to implement the methods described herein.

Referring now to FIG. 3, a block diagram 300 is shown illustrating anexample, non-limiting embodiment of a virtualized communication networkin accordance with various aspects described herein. In particular avirtualized communication network is presented that can be used toimplement some or all of the subsystems and functions of system 100, thesubsystems and functions of system 200, and method 240 presented inFIGS. 1, 2A, 2B, 2C, and 3. For example, virtualized communicationnetwork 300 can facilitate in whole or in part an LTE or 5G network,UEs, RAN nodes or various network functions that can be virtualized.

In particular, a cloud networking architecture is shown that leveragescloud technologies and supports rapid innovation and scalability via atransport layer 350, a virtualized network function cloud 325 and/or oneor more cloud computing environments 375. In various embodiments, thiscloud networking architecture is an open architecture that leveragesapplication programming interfaces (APIs); reduces complexity fromservices and operations; supports more nimble business models; andrapidly and seamlessly scales to meet evolving customer requirementsincluding traffic growth, diversity of traffic types, and diversity ofperformance and reliability expectations.

In contrast to traditional network elements—which are typicallyintegrated to perform a single function, the virtualized communicationnetwork employs virtual network elements (VNEs) 330, 332, 334, etc. thatperform some or all of the functions of network elements 150, 152, 154,156, etc. For example, the network architecture can provide a substrateof networking capability, often called Network Function VirtualizationInfrastructure (NFVI) or simply infrastructure that is capable of beingdirected with software and Software Defined Networking (SDN) protocolsto perform a broad variety of network functions and services. Thisinfrastructure can include several types of substrates. The most typicaltype of substrate being servers that support Network FunctionVirtualization (NFV), followed by packet forwarding capabilities basedon generic computing resources, with specialized network technologiesbrought to bear when general purpose processors or general purposeintegrated circuit devices offered by merchants (referred to herein asmerchant silicon) are not appropriate. In this case, communicationservices can be implemented as cloud-centric workloads.

As an example, a traditional network element 150 (shown in FIG. 1), suchas an edge router can be implemented via a VNE 330 composed of NFVsoftware modules, merchant silicon, and associated controllers. Thesoftware can be written so that increasing workload consumes incrementalresources from a common resource pool, and moreover so that it iselastic: so, the resources are only consumed when needed. In a similarfashion, other network elements such as other routers, switches, edgecaches, and middle boxes are instantiated from the common resource pool.Such sharing of infrastructure across a broad set of uses makes planningand growing infrastructure easier to manage.

In an embodiment, the transport layer 350 includes fiber, cable, wiredand/or wireless transport elements, network elements and interfaces toprovide broadband access 110, wireless access 120, voice access 130,media access 140 and/or access to content sources 175 for distributionof content to any or all of the access technologies. In particular, insome cases a network element needs to be positioned at a specific place,and this allows for less sharing of common infrastructure. Other times,the network elements have specific physical layer adapters that cannotbe abstracted or virtualized and might require special DSP code andanalog front ends (AFEs) that do not lend themselves to implementationas VNEs 330, 332 or 334. These network elements can be included intransport layer 350.

The virtualized network function cloud 325 interfaces with the transportlayer 350 to provide the VNEs 330, 332, 334, etc. to provide specificNFVs. In particular, the virtualized network function cloud 325leverages cloud operations, applications, and architectures to supportnetworking workloads. The virtualized network elements 330, 332 and 334can employ network function software that provides either a one-for-onemapping of traditional network element function or alternately somecombination of network functions designed for cloud computing. Forexample, VNEs 330, 332 and 334 can include route reflectors, domain nameservice (DNS) servers, and dynamic host configuration protocol (DHCP)servers, system architecture evolution (SAE) and/or mobility managemententity (MME) gateways, broadband network gateways, IP edge routers forIP-VPN, Ethernet and other services, load balancers, distributers andother network elements. Because these elements don't typically need toforward large amounts of traffic, their workload can be distributedacross a number of servers—each of which adds a portion of thecapability, and overall which creates an elastic function with higheravailability than its former monolithic version. These virtual networkelements 330, 332, 334, etc. can be instantiated and managed using anorchestration approach similar to those used in cloud compute services.

The cloud computing environments 375 can interface with the virtualizednetwork function cloud 325 via APIs that expose functional capabilitiesof the VNEs 330, 332, 334, etc. to provide the flexible and expandedcapabilities to the virtualized network function cloud 325. Inparticular, network workloads may have applications distributed acrossthe virtualized network function cloud 325 and cloud computingenvironment 375 and in the commercial cloud or might simply orchestrateworkloads supported entirely in NFV infrastructure from thesethird-party locations.

FIG. 4 illustrates a block diagram of a computing environment inaccordance with various aspects described herein. In order to provideadditional context for various embodiments of the embodiments describedherein, FIG. 4 and the following discussion are intended to provide abrief, general description of a suitable computing environment 400 inwhich the various embodiments of the subject disclosure can beimplemented. In particular, computing environment 400 can be used in theimplementation of network elements 150, 152, 154, 156, access terminal112, base station or access point 122, switching device 132, mediaterminal 142, and/or VNEs 330, 332, 334, etc. Each of these devices canbe implemented via computer-executable instructions that can run on oneor more computers, and/or in combination with other program modulesand/or as a combination of hardware and software. For example, computingenvironment 400 can facilitate in whole or in part an LTE or 5G network,UEs or RAN nodes.

Generally, program modules comprise routines, programs, components, datastructures, etc., that perform particular tasks or implement particularabstract data types. Moreover, those skilled in the art will appreciatethat the methods can be practiced with other computer systemconfigurations, comprising single-processor or multiprocessor computersystems, minicomputers, mainframe computers, as well as personalcomputers, hand-held computing devices, microprocessor-based orprogrammable consumer electronics, and the like, each of which can beoperatively coupled to one or more associated devices.

As used herein, a processing circuit includes one or more processors aswell as other application specific circuits such as an applicationspecific integrated circuit, digital logic circuit, state machine,programmable gate array or other circuit that processes input signals ordata and that produces output signals or data in response thereto. Itshould be noted that while any functions and features described hereinin association with the operation of a processor could likewise beperformed by a processing circuit.

The illustrated embodiments of the embodiments herein can be alsopracticed in distributed computing environments where certain tasks areperformed by remote processing devices that are linked through acommunications network. In a distributed computing environment, programmodules can be located in both local and remote memory storage devices.

Computing devices typically comprise a variety of media, which cancomprise computer-readable storage media and/or communications media,which two terms are used herein differently from one another as follows.Computer-readable storage media can be any available storage media thatcan be accessed by the computer and comprises both volatile andnonvolatile media, removable and non-removable media. By way of example,and not limitation, computer-readable storage media can be implementedin connection with any method or technology for storage of informationsuch as computer-readable instructions, program modules, structured dataor unstructured data.

Computer-readable storage media can comprise, but are not limited to,random access memory (RAM), read only memory (ROM), electricallyerasable programmable read only memory (EEPROM), flash memory or othermemory technology, compact disk read only memory (CD-ROM), digitalversatile disk (DVD) or other optical disk storage, magnetic cassettes,magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devicesor other tangible and/or non-transitory media which can be used to storedesired information. In this regard, the terms “tangible” or“non-transitory”herein as applied to storage, memory orcomputer-readable media, are to be understood to exclude onlypropagating transitory signals per se as modifiers and do not relinquishrights to all standard storage, memory or computer-readable media thatare not only propagating transitory signals per se.

Computer-readable storage media can be accessed by one or more local orremote computing devices, e.g., via access requests, queries or otherdata retrieval protocols, for a variety of operations with respect tothe information stored by the medium.

Communications media typically embody computer-readable instructions,data structures, program modules or other structured or unstructureddata in a data signal such as a modulated data signal, e.g., a carrierwave or other transport mechanism, and comprises any informationdelivery or transport media. The term “modulated data signal” or signalsrefers to a signal that has one or more of its characteristics set orchanged in such a manner as to encode information in one or moresignals. By way of example, and not limitation, communication mediacomprise wired media, such as a wired network or direct-wiredconnection, and wireless media such as acoustic, RF, infrared and otherwireless media.

With reference again to FIG. 4, the example environment can comprise acomputer 402, the computer 402 comprising a processing unit 404, asystem memory 406 and a system bus 408. The system bus 408 couplessystem components including, but not limited to, the system memory 406to the processing unit 404. The processing unit 404 can be any ofvarious commercially available processors. Dual microprocessors andother multiprocessor architectures can also be employed as theprocessing unit 404.

The system bus 408 can be any of several types of bus structure that canfurther interconnect to a memory bus (with or without a memorycontroller), a peripheral bus, and a local bus using any of a variety ofcommercially available bus architectures. The system memory 406comprises ROM 410 and RAM 412. A basic input/output system (BIOS) can bestored in a non-volatile memory such as ROM, erasable programmable readonly memory (EPROM), EEPROM, which BIOS contains the basic routines thathelp to transfer information between elements within the computer 402,such as during startup. The RAM 412 can also comprise a high-speed RAMsuch as static RAM for caching data.

The computer 402 further comprises an internal hard disk drive (HDD) 414(e.g., EIDE, SATA), which internal HDD 414 can also be configured forexternal use in a suitable chassis (not shown), a magnetic floppy diskdrive (FDD) 416, (e.g., to read from or write to a removable diskette418) and an optical disk drive 420, (e.g., reading a CD-ROM disk 422 or,to read from or write to other high capacity optical media such as theDVD). The HDD 414, magnetic FDD 416 and optical disk drive 420 can beconnected to the system bus 408 by a hard disk drive interface 424, amagnetic disk drive interface 426 and an optical drive interface 428,respectively. The hard disk drive interface 424 for external driveimplementations comprises at least one or both of Universal Serial Bus(USB) and Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 1394interface technologies. Other external drive connection technologies arewithin contemplation of the embodiments described herein.

The drives and their associated computer-readable storage media providenonvolatile storage of data, data structures, computer-executableinstructions, and so forth. For the computer 402, the drives and storagemedia accommodate the storage of any data in a suitable digital format.Although the description of computer-readable storage media above refersto a hard disk drive (HDD), a removable magnetic diskette, and aremovable optical media such as a CD or DVD, it should be appreciated bythose skilled in the art that other types of storage media which arereadable by a computer, such as zip drives, magnetic cassettes, flashmemory cards, cartridges, and the like, can also be used in the exampleoperating environment, and further, that any such storage media cancontain computer-executable instructions for performing the methodsdescribed herein.

A number of program modules can be stored in the drives and RAM 412,comprising an operating system 430, one or more application programs432, other program modules 434 and program data 436. All or portions ofthe operating system, applications, modules, and/or data can also becached in the RAM 412. The systems and methods described herein can beimplemented utilizing various commercially available operating systemsor combinations of operating systems.

A user can enter commands and information into the computer 402 throughone or more wired/wireless input devices, e.g., a keyboard 438 and apointing device, such as a mouse 440. Other input devices (not shown)can comprise a microphone, an infrared (IR) remote control, a joystick,a game pad, a stylus pen, touch screen or the like. These and otherinput devices are often connected to the processing unit 404 through aninput device interface 442 that can be coupled to the system bus 408,but can be connected by other interfaces, such as a parallel port, anIEEE 1394 serial port, a game port, a universal serial bus (USB) port,an IR interface, etc.

A monitor 444 or other type of display device can be also connected tothe system bus 408 via an interface, such as a video adapter 446. Itwill also be appreciated that in alternative embodiments, a monitor 444can also be any display device (e.g., another computer having a display,a smart phone, a tablet computer, etc.) for receiving displayinformation associated with computer 402 via any communication means,including via the Internet and cloud-based networks. In addition to themonitor 444, a computer typically comprises other peripheral outputdevices (not shown), such as speakers, printers, etc.

The computer 402 can operate in a networked environment using logicalconnections via wired and/or wireless communications to one or moreremote computers, such as a remote computer(s) 448. The remotecomputer(s) 448 can be a workstation, a server computer, a router, apersonal computer, portable computer, microprocessor-based entertainmentappliance, a peer device or other common network node, and typicallycomprises many or all of the elements described relative to the computer402, although, for purposes of brevity, only a remote memory/storagedevice 450 is illustrated. The logical connections depicted comprisewired/wireless connectivity to a local area network (LAN) 452 and/orlarger networks, e.g., a wide area network (WAN) 454. Such LAN and WANnetworking environments are commonplace in offices and companies, andfacilitate enterprise-wide computer networks, such as intranets, all ofwhich can connect to a global communications network, e.g., theInternet.

When used in a LAN networking environment, the computer 402 can beconnected to the LAN 452 through a wired and/or wireless communicationnetwork interface or adapter 456. The adapter 456 can facilitate wiredor wireless communication to the LAN 452, which can also comprise awireless AP disposed thereon for communicating with the adapter 456.

When used in a WAN networking environment, the computer 402 can comprisea modem 458 or can be connected to a communications server on the WAN454 or has other means for establishing communications over the WAN 454,such as by way of the Internet. The modem 458, which can be internal orexternal and a wired or wireless device, can be connected to the systembus 408 via the input device interface 442. In a networked environment,program modules depicted relative to the computer 402 or portionsthereof, can be stored in the remote memory/storage device 450. It willbe appreciated that the network connections shown are example and othermeans of establishing a communications link between the computers can beused.

The computer 402 can be operable to communicate with any wirelessdevices or entities operatively disposed in wireless communication,e.g., a printer, scanner, desktop and/or portable computer, portabledata assistant, communications satellite, any piece of equipment orlocation associated with a wirelessly detectable tag (e.g., a kiosk,news stand, restroom), and telephone. This can comprise WirelessFidelity (Wi-Fi) and BLUETOOTH® wireless technologies. Thus, thecommunication can be a predefined structure as with a conventionalnetwork or simply an ad hoc communication between at least two devices.

Wi-Fi can allow connection to the Internet from a couch at home, a bedin a hotel room or a conference room at work, without wires. Wi-Fi is awireless technology similar to that used in a cell phone that enablessuch devices, e.g., computers, to send and receive data indoors and out;anywhere within the range of a base station. Wi-Fi networks use radiotechnologies called IEEE 802.11 (a, b, g, n, ac, ag, etc.) to providesecure, reliable, fast wireless connectivity. A Wi-Fi network can beused to connect computers to each other, to the Internet, and to wirednetworks (which can use IEEE 802.3 or Ethernet). Wi-Fi networks operatein the unlicensed 2.4 and 5 GHz radio bands for example or with productsthat contain both bands (dual band), so the networks can providereal-world performance similar to the basic 10BaseT wired Ethernetnetworks used in many offices.

Turning now to FIG. 5, an embodiment 500 of a mobile network platform510 is shown that is an example of network elements 150, 152, 154, 156,and/or VNEs 330, 332, 334, etc. For example, platform 510 can facilitatein whole or in part UEs. In one or more embodiments, the mobile networkplatform 510 can generate and receive signals transmitted and receivedby base stations or access points such as base station or access point122. Generally, mobile network platform 510 can comprise components,e.g., nodes, gateways, interfaces, servers, or disparate platforms, thatfacilitate both packet-switched (PS) (e.g., internet protocol (IP),frame relay, asynchronous transfer mode (ATM)) and circuit-switched (CS)traffic (e.g., voice and data), as well as control generation fornetworked wireless telecommunication. As a non-limiting example, mobilenetwork platform 510 can be included in telecommunications carriernetworks and can be considered carrier-side components as discussedelsewhere herein. Mobile network platform 510 comprises CS gatewaynode(s) 512 which can interface CS traffic received from legacy networkslike telephony network(s) 540 (e.g., public switched telephone network(PSTN), or public land mobile network (PLMN)) or a signaling system #7(SS7) network 560. CS gateway node(s) 512 can authorize and authenticatetraffic (e.g., voice) arising from such networks. Additionally, CSgateway node(s) 512 can access mobility, or roaming, data generatedthrough SS7 network 560; for instance, mobility data stored in a visitedlocation register (VLR), which can reside in memory 530. Moreover, CSgateway node(s) 512 interfaces CS-based traffic and signaling and PSgateway node(s) 518. As an example, in a 3GPP UMTS network, CS gatewaynode(s) 512 can be realized at least in part in gateway GPRS supportnode(s) (GGSN). It should be appreciated that functionality and specificoperation of CS gateway node(s) 512, PS gateway node(s) 518, and servingnode(s) 516, is provided and dictated by radio technology(ies) utilizedby mobile network platform 510 for telecommunication over a radio accessnetwork 520 with other devices, such as a radiotelephone 575.

In addition to receiving and processing CS-switched traffic andsignaling, PS gateway node(s) 518 can authorize and authenticatePS-based data sessions with served mobile devices. Data sessions cancomprise traffic, or content(s), exchanged with networks external to themobile network platform 510, like wide area network(s) (WANs) 550,enterprise network(s) 570, and service network(s) 580, which can beembodied in local area network(s) (LANs), can also be interfaced withmobile network platform 510 through PS gateway node(s) 518. It is to benoted that WANs 550 and enterprise network(s) 570 can embody, at leastin part, a service network(s) like IP multimedia subsystem (IMS). Basedon radio technology layer(s) available in technology resource(s) orradio access network 520, PS gateway node(s) 518 can generate packetdata protocol contexts when a data session is established; other datastructures that facilitate routing of packetized data also can begenerated. To that end, in an aspect, PS gateway node(s) 518 cancomprise a tunnel interface (e.g., tunnel termination gateway (TTG) in3GPP UMTS network(s) (not shown)) which can facilitate packetizedcommunication with disparate wireless network(s), such as Wi-Finetworks.

In embodiment 500, mobile network platform 510 also comprises servingnode(s) 516 that, based upon available radio technology layer(s) withintechnology resource(s) in the radio access network 520, convey thevarious packetized flows of data streams received through PS gatewaynode(s) 518. It is to be noted that for technology resource(s) that relyprimarily on CS communication, server node(s) can deliver trafficwithout reliance on PS gateway node(s) 518; for example, server node(s)can embody at least in part a mobile switching center. As an example, ina 3GPP UMTS network, serving node(s) 516 can be embodied in serving GPRSsupport node(s) (SGSN).

For radio technologies that exploit packetized communication, server(s)514 in mobile network platform 510 can execute numerous applicationsthat can generate multiple disparate packetized data streams or flows,and manage (e.g., schedule, queue, format . . . ) such flows. Suchapplication(s) can comprise add-on features to standard services (forexample, provisioning, billing, customer support . . . ) provided bymobile network platform 510. Data streams (e.g., content(s) that arepart of a voice call or data session) can be conveyed to PS gatewaynode(s) 518 for authorization/authentication and initiation of a datasession, and to serving node(s) 516 for communication thereafter. Inaddition to application server, server(s) 514 can comprise utilityserver(s), a utility server can comprise a provisioning server, anoperations and maintenance server, a security server that can implementat least in part a certificate authority and firewalls as well as othersecurity mechanisms, and the like. In an aspect, security server(s)secure communication served through mobile network platform 510 toensure network's operation and data integrity in addition toauthorization and authentication procedures that CS gateway node(s) 512and PS gateway node(s) 518 can enact. Moreover, provisioning server(s)can provision services from external network(s) like networks operatedby a disparate service provider; for instance, WAN 550 or GlobalPositioning System (GPS) network(s) (not shown). Provisioning server(s)can also provision coverage through networks associated to mobilenetwork platform 510 (e.g., deployed and operated by the same serviceprovider), such as the distributed antennas networks shown in FIG. 1(s)that enhance wireless service coverage by providing more networkcoverage.

It is to be noted that server(s) 514 can comprise one or more processorsconfigured to confer at least in part the functionality of mobilenetwork platform 510. To that end, the one or more processor can executecode instructions stored in memory 530, for example. It should beappreciated that server(s) 514 can comprise a content manager, whichoperates in substantially the same manner as described hereinbefore.

In example embodiment 500, memory 530 can store information related tooperation of mobile network platform 510. Other operational informationcan comprise provisioning information of mobile devices served throughmobile network platform 510, subscriber databases; applicationintelligence, pricing schemes, e.g., promotional rates, flat-rateprograms, couponing campaigns; technical specification(s) consistentwith telecommunication protocols for operation of disparate radio, orwireless, technology layers; and so forth. Memory 530 can also storeinformation from at least one of telephony network(s) 540, WAN 550, SS7network 560, or enterprise network(s) 570. In an aspect, memory 530 canbe, for example, accessed as part of a data store component or as aremotely connected memory store.

In order to provide a context for the various aspects of the disclosedsubject matter, FIG. 5, and the following discussion, are intended toprovide a brief, general description of a suitable environment in whichthe various aspects of the disclosed subject matter can be implemented.While the subject matter has been described above in the general contextof computer-executable instructions of a computer program that runs on acomputer and/or computers, those skilled in the art will recognize thatthe disclosed subject matter also can be implemented in combination withother program modules. Generally, program modules comprise routines,programs, components, data structures, etc. that perform particulartasks and/or implement particular abstract data types.

Turning now to FIG. 6, an illustrative embodiment of a communicationdevice 600 is shown. The communication device 600 can serve as anillustrative embodiment of devices such as data terminals 114, mobiledevices 124, vehicle 126, display devices 144 or other client devicesfor communication via either communications network 125. For example,computing device 600 can facilitate in whole or in part elements of anLTE or 5G network, including UEs, RAN nodes or various networkfunctions.

The communication device 600 can comprise a wireline and/or wirelesstransceiver 602 (herein transceiver 602), a user interface (UI) 604, apower supply 614, a location receiver 616, a motion sensor 618, anorientation sensor 620, and a controller 606 for managing operationsthereof. The transceiver 602 can support short-range or long-rangewireless access technologies such as Bluetooth®, ZigBee®, Wi-Fi, DECT,or cellular communication technologies, just to mention a few(Bluetooth® and ZigBee® are trademarks registered by the Bluetooth®Special Interest Group and the ZigBee® Alliance, respectively). Cellulartechnologies can include, for example, CDMA-1X, UMTS/HSDPA, GSM/GPRS,TDMA/EDGE, EV/DO, WiMAX, SDR, LTE, as well as other next generationwireless communication technologies as they arise. The transceiver 602can also be adapted to support circuit-switched wireline accesstechnologies (such as PSTN), packet-switched wireline accesstechnologies (such as TCP/IP, VoIP, etc.), and combinations thereof.

The UI 604 can include a depressible or touch-sensitive keypad 608 witha navigation mechanism such as a roller ball, a joystick, a mouse, or anavigation disk for manipulating operations of the communication device600. The keypad 608 can be an integral part of a housing assembly of thecommunication device 600 or an independent device operably coupledthereto by a tethered wireline interface (such as a USB cable) or awireless interface supporting for example Bluetooth®. The keypad 608 canrepresent a numeric keypad commonly used by phones, and/or a QWERTYkeypad with alphanumeric keys. The UI 604 can further include a display610 such as monochrome or color LCD (Liquid Crystal Display), OLED(Organic Light Emitting Diode) or other suitable display technology forconveying images to an end user of the communication device 600. In anembodiment where the display 610 is touch-sensitive, a portion or all ofthe keypad 608 can be presented by way of the display 610 withnavigation features.

The display 610 can use touch screen technology to also serve as a userinterface for detecting user input. As a touch screen display, thecommunication device 600 can be adapted to present a user interfacehaving graphical user interface (GUI) elements that can be selected by auser with a touch of a finger. The display 610 can be equipped withcapacitive, resistive or other forms of sensing technology to detect howmuch surface area of a user's finger has been placed on a portion of thetouch screen display. This sensing information can be used to controlthe manipulation of the GUI elements or other functions of the userinterface. The display 610 can be an integral part of the housingassembly of the communication device 600 or an independent devicecommunicatively coupled thereto by a tethered wireline interface (suchas a cable) or a wireless interface.

The UI 604 can also include an audio system 612 that utilizes audiotechnology for conveying low volume audio (such as audio heard inproximity of a human ear) and high-volume audio (such as speakerphonefor hands free operation). The audio system 612 can further include amicrophone for receiving audible signals of an end user. The audiosystem 612 can also be used for voice recognition applications. The UI604 can further include an image sensor 613 such as a charged coupleddevice (CCD) camera for capturing still or moving images.

The power supply 614 can utilize common power management technologiessuch as replaceable and rechargeable batteries, supply regulationtechnologies, and/or charging system technologies for supplying energyto the components of the communication device 600 to facilitatelong-range or short-range portable communications. Alternatively, or incombination, the charging system can utilize external power sources suchas DC power supplied over a physical interface such as a USB port orother suitable tethering technologies.

The location receiver 616 can utilize location technology such as aglobal positioning system (GPS) receiver capable of assisted GPS foridentifying a location of the communication device 600 based on signalsgenerated by a constellation of GPS satellites, which can be used forfacilitating location services such as navigation. The motion sensor 618can utilize motion sensing technology such as an accelerometer, agyroscope, or other suitable motion sensing technology to detect motionof the communication device 600 in three-dimensional space. Theorientation sensor 620 can utilize orientation sensing technology suchas a magnetometer to detect the orientation of the communication device600 (north, south, west, and east, as well as combined orientations indegrees, minutes, or other suitable orientation metrics).

The communication device 600 can use the transceiver 602 to alsodetermine a proximity to a cellular, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth®, or otherwireless access points by sensing techniques such as utilizing areceived signal strength indicator (RSSI) and/or signal time of arrival(TOA) or time of flight (TOF) measurements. The controller 606 canutilize computing technologies such as a microprocessor, a digitalsignal processor (DSP), programmable gate arrays, application specificintegrated circuits, and/or a video processor with associated storagememory such as Flash, ROM, RAM, SRAM, DRAM or other storage technologiesfor executing computer instructions, controlling, and processing datasupplied by the aforementioned components of the communication device600.

Other components not shown in FIG. 6 can be used in one or moreembodiments of the subject disclosure. For instance, the communicationdevice 600 can include a slot for adding or removing an identity modulesuch as a Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) card or Universal IntegratedCircuit Card (UICC). SIM or UICC cards can be used for identifyingsubscriber services, executing programs, storing subscriber data, and soon.

The terms “first,” “second,” “third,” and so forth, as used in theclaims, unless otherwise clear by context, is for clarity only and doesnot otherwise indicate or imply any order in time. For instance, “afirst determination,” “a second determination,” and “a thirddetermination,” does not indicate or imply that the first determinationis to be made before the second determination, or vice versa, etc.

In the subject specification, terms such as “store,” “storage,” “datastore,” data storage,” “database,” and substantially any otherinformation storage component relevant to operation and functionality ofa component, refer to “memory components,” or entities embodied in a“memory” or components comprising the memory. It will be appreciatedthat the memory components described herein can be either volatilememory or nonvolatile memory, or can comprise both volatile andnonvolatile memory, by way of illustration, and not limitation, volatilememory, non-volatile memory, disk storage, and memory storage. Further,nonvolatile memory can be included in read only memory (ROM),programmable ROM (PROM), electrically programmable ROM (EPROM),electrically erasable ROM (EEPROM), or flash memory. Volatile memory cancomprise random access memory (RAM), which acts as external cachememory. By way of illustration and not limitation, RAM is available inmany forms such as synchronous RAM (SRAM), dynamic RAM (DRAM),synchronous DRAM (SDRAM), double data rate SDRAM (DDR SDRAM), enhancedSDRAM (ESDRAM), Synchlink DRAM (SLDRAM), and direct Rambus RAM (DRRAM).Additionally, the disclosed memory components of systems or methodsherein are intended to comprise, without being limited to comprising,these and any other suitable types of memory.

Moreover, it will be noted that the disclosed subject matter can bepracticed with other computer system configurations, comprisingsingle-processor or multiprocessor computer systems, mini-computingdevices, mainframe computers, as well as personal computers, hand-heldcomputing devices (e.g., PDA, phone, smartphone, watch, tabletcomputers, netbook computers, etc.), microprocessor-based orprogrammable consumer or industrial electronics, and the like. Theillustrated aspects can also be practiced in distributed computingenvironments where tasks are performed by remote processing devices thatare linked through a communications network; however, some if not allaspects of the subject disclosure can be practiced on stand-alonecomputers. In a distributed computing environment, program modules canbe located in both local and remote memory storage devices.

In one or more embodiments, information regarding use of services can begenerated including services being accessed, media consumption history,user preferences, and so forth. This information can be obtained byvarious methods including user input, detecting types of communications(e.g., video content vs. audio content), analysis of content streams,sampling, and so forth. The generating, obtaining and/or monitoring ofthis information can be responsive to an authorization provided by theuser. In one or more embodiments, an analysis of data can be subject toauthorization from user(s) associated with the data, such as an opt-in,an opt-out, acknowledgement requirements, notifications, selectiveauthorization based on types of data, and so forth.

Some of the embodiments described herein can also employ artificialintelligence (AI) to facilitate automating one or more featuresdescribed herein. The embodiments (e.g., in connection withautomatically identifying acquired cell sites that provide a maximumvalue/benefit after addition to an existing communication network) canemploy various AI-based schemes for carrying out various embodimentsthereof. Moreover, the classifier can be employed to determine a rankingor priority of each cell site of the acquired network. A classifier is afunction that maps an input attribute vector, x=(x₁, x₂, x₃, x₄ . . .x_(n)), to a confidence that the input belongs to a class, that is,f(x)=confidence (class). Such classification can employ a probabilisticand/or statistical-based analysis (e.g., factoring into the analysisutilities and costs) to determine or infer an action that a user desiresto be automatically performed. A support vector machine (SVM) is anexample of a classifier that can be employed. The SVM operates byfinding a hypersurface in the space of possible inputs, which thehypersurface attempts to split the triggering criteria from thenon-triggering events. Intuitively, this makes the classificationcorrect for testing data that is near, but not identical to trainingdata. Other directed and undirected model classification approachescomprise, e.g., naïve Bayes, Bayesian networks, decision trees, neuralnetworks, fuzzy logic models, and probabilistic classification modelsproviding different patterns of independence can be employed.Classification as used herein also is inclusive of statisticalregression that is utilized to develop models of priority.

As will be readily appreciated, one or more of the embodiments canemploy classifiers that are explicitly trained (e.g., via a generictraining data) as well as implicitly trained (e.g., via observing UEbehavior, operator preferences, historical information, receivingextrinsic information). For example, SVMs can be configured via alearning or training phase within a classifier constructor and featureselection module. Thus, the classifier(s) can be used to automaticallylearn and perform a number of functions, including but not limited todetermining according to predetermined criteria which of the acquiredcell sites will benefit a maximum number of subscribers and/or which ofthe acquired cell sites will add minimum value to the existingcommunication network coverage, etc.

As used in some contexts in this application, in some embodiments, theterms “component,” “system” and the like are intended to refer to, orcomprise, a computer-related entity or an entity related to anoperational apparatus with one or more specific functionalities, whereinthe entity can be either hardware, a combination of hardware andsoftware, software, or software in execution. As an example, a componentmay be, but is not limited to being, a process running on a processor, aprocessor, an object, an executable, a thread of execution,computer-executable instructions, a program, and/or a computer. By wayof illustration and not limitation, both an application running on aserver and the server can be a component. One or more components mayreside within a process and/or thread of execution and a component maybe localized on one computer and/or distributed between two or morecomputers. In addition, these components can execute from variouscomputer readable media having various data structures stored thereon.The components may communicate via local and/or remote processes such asin accordance with a signal having one or more data packets (e.g., datafrom one component interacting with another component in a local system,distributed system, and/or across a network such as the Internet withother systems via the signal). As another example, a component can be anapparatus with specific functionality provided by mechanical partsoperated by electric or electronic circuitry, which is operated by asoftware or firmware application executed by a processor, wherein theprocessor can be internal or external to the apparatus and executes atleast a part of the software or firmware application. As yet anotherexample, a component can be an apparatus that provides specificfunctionality through electronic components without mechanical parts,the electronic components can comprise a processor therein to executesoftware or firmware that confers at least in part the functionality ofthe electronic components. While various components have beenillustrated as separate components, it will be appreciated that multiplecomponents can be implemented as a single component, or a singlecomponent can be implemented as multiple components, without departingfrom example embodiments.

Further, the various embodiments can be implemented as a method,apparatus or article of manufacture using standard programming and/orengineering techniques to produce software, firmware, hardware or anycombination thereof to control a computer to implement the disclosedsubject matter. The term “article of manufacture” as used herein isintended to encompass a computer program accessible from anycomputer-readable device or computer-readable storage/communicationsmedia. For example, computer readable storage media can include, but arenot limited to, magnetic storage devices (e.g., hard disk, floppy disk,magnetic strips), optical disks (e.g., compact disk (CD), digitalversatile disk (DVD)), smart cards, and flash memory devices (e.g.,card, stick, key drive). Of course, those skilled in the art willrecognize many modifications can be made to this configuration withoutdeparting from the scope or spirit of the various embodiments.

In addition, the words “example” and “exemplary” are used herein to meanserving as an instance or illustration. Any embodiment or designdescribed herein as “example” or “exemplary” is not necessarily to beconstrued as preferred or advantageous over other embodiments ordesigns. Rather, use of the word example or exemplary is intended topresent concepts in a concrete fashion. As used in this application, theterm “or” is intended to mean an inclusive “or” rather than an exclusive“or”. That is, unless specified otherwise or clear from context, “Xemploys A or B” is intended to mean any of the natural inclusivepermutations. That is, if X employs A; X employs B; or X employs both Aand B, then “X employs A or B” is satisfied under any of the foregoinginstances. In addition, the articles “a” and “an” as used in thisapplication and the appended claims should generally be construed tomean “one or more” unless specified otherwise or clear from context tobe directed to a singular form.

Moreover, terms such as “user equipment,” “mobile station,” “mobile,”subscriber station,” “access terminal,” “terminal,” “handset,” “mobiledevice” (and/or terms representing similar terminology) can refer to awireless device utilized by a subscriber or user of a wirelesscommunication service to receive or convey data, control, voice, video,sound, gaming or substantially any data-stream or signaling-stream. Theforegoing terms are utilized interchangeably herein and with referenceto the related drawings.

Furthermore, the terms “user,” “subscriber,” “customer,” “consumer” andthe like are employed interchangeably throughout, unless contextwarrants particular distinctions among the terms. It should beappreciated that such terms can refer to human entities or automatedcomponents supported through artificial intelligence (e.g., a capacityto make inference based, at least, on complex mathematical formalisms),which can provide simulated vision, sound recognition and so forth.

As employed herein, the term “processor” can refer to substantially anycomputing processing unit or device comprising, but not limited tocomprising, single-core processors; single-processors with softwaremultithread execution capability; multi-core processors; multi-coreprocessors with software multithread execution capability; multi-coreprocessors with hardware multithread technology; parallel platforms; andparallel platforms with distributed shared memory. Additionally, aprocessor can refer to an integrated circuit, an application specificintegrated circuit (ASIC), a digital signal processor (DSP), a fieldprogrammable gate array (FPGA), a programmable logic controller (PLC), acomplex programmable logic device (CPLD), a discrete gate or transistorlogic, discrete hardware components or any combination thereof designedto perform the functions described herein. Processors can exploitnano-scale architectures such as, but not limited to, molecular andquantum-dot based transistors, switches and gates, in order to optimizespace usage or enhance performance of user equipment. A processor canalso be implemented as a combination of computing processing units.

As used herein, terms such as “data storage,” data storage,” “database,”and substantially any other information storage component relevant tooperation and functionality of a component, refer to “memorycomponents,” or entities embodied in a “memory” or components comprisingthe memory. It will be appreciated that the memory components orcomputer-readable storage media, described herein can be either volatilememory or nonvolatile memory or can include both volatile andnonvolatile memory.

What has been described above includes mere examples of variousembodiments. It is, of course, not possible to describe everyconceivable combination of components or methodologies for purposes ofdescribing these examples, but one of ordinary skill in the art canrecognize that many further combinations and permutations of the presentembodiments are possible. Accordingly, the embodiments disclosed and/orclaimed herein are intended to embrace all such alterations,modifications and variations that fall within the spirit and scope ofthe appended claims. Furthermore, to the extent that the term “includes”is used in either the detailed description or the claims, such term isintended to be inclusive in a manner similar to the term “comprising” as“comprising” is interpreted when employed as a transitional word in aclaim.

In addition, a flow diagram may include a “start” and/or “continue”indication. The “start” and “continue” indications reflect that thesteps presented can optionally be incorporated in or otherwise used inconjunction with other routines. In this context, “start” indicates thebeginning of the first step presented and may be preceded by otheractivities not specifically shown. Further, the “continue” indicationreflects that the steps presented may be performed multiple times and/ormay be succeeded by other activities not specifically shown. Further,while a flow diagram indicates a particular ordering of steps, otherorderings are likewise possible provided that the principles ofcausality are maintained.

As may also be used herein, the term(s) “operably coupled to”, “coupledto”, and/or “coupling” includes direct coupling between items and/orindirect coupling between items via one or more intervening items. Suchitems and intervening items include, but are not limited to, junctions,communication paths, components, circuit elements, circuits, functionalblocks, and/or devices. As an example of indirect coupling, a signalconveyed from a first item to a second item may be modified by one ormore intervening items by modifying the form, nature or format ofinformation in a signal, while one or more elements of the informationin the signal are nevertheless conveyed in a manner than can berecognized by the second item. In a further example of indirectcoupling, an action in a first item can cause a reaction on the seconditem, as a result of actions and/or reactions in one or more interveningitems.

Although specific embodiments have been illustrated and describedherein, it should be appreciated that any arrangement which achieves thesame or similar purpose may be substituted for the embodiments describedor shown by the subject disclosure. The subject disclosure is intendedto cover any and all adaptations or variations of various embodiments.Combinations of the above embodiments, and other embodiments notspecifically described herein, can be used in the subject disclosure.For instance, one or more features from one or more embodiments can becombined with one or more features of one or more other embodiments. Inone or more embodiments, features that are positively recited can alsobe negatively recited and excluded from the embodiment with or withoutreplacement by another structural and/or functional feature. The stepsor functions described with respect to the embodiments of the subjectdisclosure can be performed in any order. The steps or functionsdescribed with respect to the embodiments of the subject disclosure canbe performed alone or in combination with other steps or functions ofthe subject disclosure, as well as from other embodiments or from othersteps that have not been described in the subject disclosure. Further,more than or less than all of the features described with respect to anembodiment can also be utilized.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method, comprising: detecting, by a processingsystem including a processor, user equipment (UE) in a Long-TermEvolution (LTE) network that has another radio technology network;determining, by the processing system, that the UE has crossed athreshold and entered a coverage area of the another radio technologynetwork; discovering, by the processing system, an access mobilitymanagement function (AMF) in the another technology network;transferring, by the processing system, metadata associated with the UEto the AMF; and handing over, by the processing system, cellularservices to the another technology network.
 2. The method of claim 1,wherein the AMF provides cellular services to the coverage area of theanother technology network, and wherein the another technology networkis a fifth generation (5G) network.
 3. The method of claim 2, wherein anetwork repository function (NRF) discovers the AMF responsive to amessage received from a mobile management entity (MME) in the LTEnetwork.
 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the NRF discovers the AMFwithout using a domain name service (DNS) protocol.
 5. The method ofclaim 4, wherein the message is passed over a first RepresentationalState Transfer (REST) Application Programming Interface (API).
 6. Themethod of claim 5, wherein the transferring is performed by the MMEpassing messages over an enhanced N26 interface to the AMF using asecond REST API.
 7. The method of claim 6, wherein a Packet Data NetworkGateway Control/Session Management Function (PGW-C/SMF) provides accessto a packet data network (PDN) through a Serving Gateway (SGW), andwherein the method further comprises providing, by the processingsystem, access to the PDN through the PGW-C/SMF and through a user dataplane function (UPF) after the handing over.
 8. The method of claim 7,further comprising: checking, by the processing system, that the UE isauthorized to access the 5G network before the handing over.
 9. Themethod of claim 8, wherein the NRF and the AMF are virtual networkelements and wherein the metadata comprises status, heartbeat timer,Internet Protocol address, capacity, priority, load, locality, servicessupported, or a combination thereof.
 10. A device, comprising: aprocessing system including a processor; and a memory that storesexecutable instructions that, when executed by the processing system,facilitate performance of operations, the operations comprising:detecting user equipment (UE) in a fifth generation (5G) network;determining, by the processing system, that the UE has crossed athreshold and is leaving a coverage area of the 5G network; discovering,by the processing system, a mobile management entity (MME) in aLong-Term Evolution (LTE) network covering an area that the UE iswithin; transferring, by the processing system, metadata associated withthe UE to the MME; and handing over, by the processing system, cellularservices to the LTE network.
 11. The device of claim 10, wherein the MMEprovides services to the coverage area of the LTE network.
 12. Thedevice of claim 10, wherein a network repository function (NRF)discovers the MME responsive to a message received from an accessmobility management function (AMF) in the 5G network.
 13. The device ofclaim 12, wherein the message is passed over a first RepresentationalState Transfer (REST) Application Programming Interface (API).
 14. Thedevice of claim 12, wherein the transferring is performed by the AMFpassing messages over an enhanced N26 interface to the MME using asecond REST API.
 15. The device of claim 12, wherein the NRF discoversthe MME without using a domain name service (DNS) protocol.
 16. Thedevice of claim 12, wherein the NRF and the AMF are virtual networkelements.
 17. The device of claim 10, wherein a Packet Data NetworkGateway Control/Session Management Function (PGW-C/SMF) provides accessto a packet data network (PDN) through a user data plane function (UPF),and wherein the operations further comprise providing access to the PDNthrough the PGW-C/SMF and through a Serving Gateway (SGW) after thehanding over.
 18. The device of claim 10, wherein the processing systemcomprises a plurality of processors operating in a distributed computingenvironment.
 19. A machine-readable medium, comprising executableinstructions that, when executed by a processing system including aprocessor, facilitate performance of operations, the operationscomprising: receiving a first message from a mobile management entity(MME) in a Long-Term Evolution (LTE) network indicating a handover ofuser equipment (UE) to a fifth generation (5G) network covering a firstarea in which the UE is located; discovering an access mobilitymanagement function (AMF) in the 5G network responsive to the firstmessage; receiving a second message from the AMF indicating a handoverof the UE to the LTE network; and discovering a second mobile managemententity (MME) in the LTE network covering a second area in which the UEis located responsive to the second message.
 20. The machine-readablemedium of claim 19, wherein the processing system comprises a pluralityof processors operating in a distributed computing environment.